The Story Behind the Phrase Kilroy Was Here

For a few years during and after World War II, he was ubiquitous: a doodle of a big-nosed man, peering over a wall, accompanied by the inscription Kilroy was here. At the height of his popularity, Kilroy could be found just about everywhere: in bathrooms and on bridges, in school cafeterias and on homework assignments, in the holds of Navy ships and painted on the shells of Air Force missiles. A classic Bugs Bunny cartoon from 1948, Haredevil Hare, shows just how deeply Kilroy had penetrated into pop culture: thinking hes the first rabbit to land on the moon, Bugs is oblivious to the slogan Kilroy was here prominently etched on a rock behind him. The Prehistory of Kilroy Was Here Where did the meme—and thats exactly what it was, 50 years before the invention of the internet—Kilroy was here come from? Well, graffiti itself has been around for thousands of years, but the Kilroy drawing seems to have derived from a similar graffito, Foo was here, popular among Australian servicemen during World War I; this was also a depiction of a big-nosed cartoon figure peering over a wall, but it was not accompanied by any words. Around the same time  Kilroy was popping up in unexpected places in the U.S., another doodle, Mr. Chad, was appearing in England. The Chad doodle may have derived from the Greek symbol for Omega, or it may have been a simplified adaptation of a circuit diagram; whatever the case, it carried the same someone is watching connotation as Kilroy. At some point shortly before the outbreak of World War II, it seems, Foo, Chad, and Kilroy merged their memetic DNA and mutated into the classic Kilroy was here. Where Did Kilroy Come From? As to the derivation of the name Kilroy, thats a matter of some dispute. Some historians point to James J. Kilroy, an inspector at the Fore River Shipyard in Braintree, MA, who supposedly wrote Kilroy was here on various parts of ships as they were being built (after the ships were completed, these inscriptions would have been inaccessible, hence Kilroys reputation for getting into impossible-to-reach locations). Another candidate is Francis J. Kilroy, Jr., a soldier in Florida, sick with the flu, who wrote Kilroy will be here next week on the wall of his barracks; since this story only appeared in 1945, though, it seems doubtful that Francis, rather than James, was the source of the Kilroy legend. Of course, its also possible that neither James nor Francis Kilroy were involved in any way, and that the name Kilroy was conjured up from scratch by a bored G.I. At this point, we should mention a 2007 documentary, Fort Knox: Secrets Revealed, which aired in 2007 on the History Channel. The premise of the show is that Fort Knox was loaded with gold in 1937, but only made accessible to the public in the 1970s—so the producers at the History Channel could uncork part of the forts innards and visit a time capsule of pre-war America. In the documentary, Kilroy was here can be seen written on a wall inside the vault, which would imply that the origin of this meme dates to no later than 1937. Unfortunately, it was later revealed by one of the shows consultants that the vault footage was recreated (i.e., completely made up), which should make you think twice about the historical accuracy of anything aired on this cable channel! Kilroy Was Here Goes to War The four years of World War II were a tough, dangerous, and often lonely slog for Americas servicemen, who needed any form of entertainment they could get. In this regard, Kilroy was here functioned as a morale booster—when U.S. soldiers landed on a beachhead, they would often see this meme inscribed on a wall or fence nearby, presumably planted there by an advance reconnaissance team. As the war progressed, Kilroy was here became an emblem of pride, carrying the message that no place, and no country, was beyond the reach of Americas might (and especially not if Kilroy was here happened to be painted on the side of a missile penetrating deep into enemy territory). Amusingly, neither Josef Stalin nor Adolf Hitler, two dictators not known for their sense of humor, could quite make sense of  Kilroy was here. The famously paranoid Stalin was reportedly unsettled when he glimpsed a Kilroy was here graffito in a bathroom stall at the Potsdam Conference in Germany; presumably he instructed the NKVD to find the individual responsible and have him shot. And Kilroy was here was inscribed on so many pieces of American ordinance recovered by the Germans that Hitler wondered if Kilroy was a master spy, along the lines of the yet-to-be-invented James Bond! Kilroy has had a robust afterlife. Old memes never truly go away; they persist out of historical context, so that a six-year-old watching Adventure Time or reading a Peanuts comic strip from the 1970s will be aware of this phrase, but not of its origins or its connotations. Its not only the case that Kilroy was here; Kilroy is still among us, in comic books, video games, TV shows, and all sorts of pop-culture artifacts.

Foreign Language Learning And Teaching - 1479 Words

With increased globalization, it has become highly relevant and valuable not only in the education and labor market, but also in modern society to have good command of more than two languages in addition to one’s native language (cf. Gehring, 2010). Consequently, various forms of foreign language learning and teaching have become common worldwide, and language courses are offered in school, university, and in the workforce. In particular, English, French, and Spanish as foreign languages have been dominating in school systems around Europe (cf. Decke-Cornill Kà ¼ster, 2010). The world language and lingua franca English is widely used for international communication; no one can deny its spread and success (cf. Crystal, 2003). The mastery†¦show more content†¦Because of EFL’s popularity and success, more often the well-established concept of bilingual education is offered in order to promote the learners’ receptive and productive skills and communicati ve competences in the English language (cf. Decke-Cornill Kà ¼ster, 2010). Globally, bilingual education has been practiced in various program models for thousands of years (cf. National Association for Bilingual Education, 2016). Bilingual education comprises many frameworks and offers different concepts depending on school form and other conditions. It is an approach that integrates the teaching of contents from the curriculum with the medium of two languages: a native language and a non-native language. However, as a rule, the working language is the non-native language, in other words, bilingual teaching rather means monolingual teaching (cf. Decke-Cornill Kà ¼ster, 2010). Consequently, with its effective method of deepening the language in what concerns the communicative competence, it has been proven to be successful. The goal is, among others, to teach and to learn both content and language, nevertheless, the content is in the center of attention and not the language. Tod ay, numerous schools in Germany have included bilingual programs in their concepts, for example, in Hamburg - one of which is the HLG. At this school, the subjects of history, geography, andShow MoreRelatedTeaching And Learning Foreign Languages Essay2040 Words   |  9 PagesDuring the end of the 19th century, teaching and learning a foreign language was developing rapidly and became one of the most discussed issues in the field of education (Lacorte, 2005). Hence, new studies were needed in order to discover new and effective methodologies for teaching and learning foreign languages in the world language classroom. 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Fair and Handsome free essay sample

Emami has also set us its overseas Branches in UK UAE. Emami Products are available in Nepal since 1997. Himani Boroplus Antiseptic Cream and Himani Navratna Oil have become category leaders over the period. â€Å"Fair and Handsome† cream for men is a product of Emami Ltd, in association with Activor Corp. USA. The cream claims to have a unique formula which makes skin fairer in just 4 weeks. It has double strength peptide complex which makes the product suitable for tough male skin, which is 3 times more exposed to suns UV rays, 5 times more exposed to pollution, 2 times more exposed to stress factors, compared to women. Male skin is also damaged by abrasive action of shaving blade and hence after shave application of this product was also said to be useful. Emami Fair and Handsome is targeted at Urban Male consumer between the ages of 15-35. The skin-lightening industry is worth at least ? 100m in India and the Fair-and-Handsome-for-Men range is the latest product from one of the markets big players. LAUNCH Fair and Handsome was first launched by Emami Ltd in Nepal on 19th Nov. 2005. In India,the launch was done after testing the product in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The post launch research done in INDIA indicated that 73% consumers reported improvement in complexion, 78% found it to be an effective after-shave moisturizer 75% found effective oil control. The domestic skin-lightening cream industry is valued at over $190m a strong indicator of the great Indian obsession with fair skin. Until now, skin-lightening creams have been aimed almost exclusively at women. However in a research conducted on the use of fairness creams, it has been found by the company that more than 25% of fairness cream users are men. Its an open secret that 30% of Fair Lovelys sales are driven by men Emami also explains that there is growing consciousness towards personal grooming among men all over the world. The bottom-line is: Men are no longer shy of admitting they want to look good. Emami has realized there is a ready market for a product like this,especially in a country full of dark-skinned people. Emami expects that this new brand will fulfill a latent consumer need. Editor of mens magazine, Mans World, Jerry Pinto, says most dark-skinned men are as insecure as women and go to equal lengths, to achieve lighter skin. I dont think men share this notion of tall dark and handsome, he says. In India, its tall, fair and handsome. A look at the matrimonial section is a very good way of seeing how men look at themselves. † Indian Men never thought beyond an aftershave lotion and a perfume or body deodorant. But now they’re going to beauty parlors. Good and healthy looking face is the key of attracti on. According to India Daily , Emamis fairness cream for men, Fair and Handsome, has almost become an inspiration for others; such as â€Å"Nivea for men†. Fair and Handsome clocked sales of Rs 16 crore in the first 11 months of its launch and is expected to generate as much as Rs 65-70 crore in the current fiscal, according to Emami Director Mohan Goenka. Telegraphindia says, market research now reveals that 32 per cent (some estimates say 28-30 per cent) of the buyers of fairness creams are men, not women. After two years of launch, Fair and Handsome is worth Rs 45 Crore now commanding a market share of over 30-40% in the segment. Brand Perception: Below,we have identified some key parameters that Emami Ltd used to project a strong â€Å"male† image for their brand. A)PACKAGING Fair And Handsome Fairness Cream for Men is available in three sizes viz, 9ml, 30ml and 60ml. It is also available in a 9ml trial pack. The colors used are silver, black and orange which give a bold and macho look to the product. The illustration on the cover pack is that of a before-and-after effect of using the cream. The pack also contains a leaflet of instructions. Clearly,the manufacturers have gone to great lengths to ensure that the consumer is satisfied with the product. The designing of the carton has been done effectively, and the visuals attached are definitely eye-catching. B) ADVERTISEMENTS The brand is being positioned as the fairness cream that can make men handsome and also attractive to girls. The brand uses the tagline: â€Å"Be fair Be Handsome†. THE AD: Theres a man who has no luck with the girls. He has markedly darker skin than his friends and the girl he is after rejects him because of his dark skin. Then suddenly out of nowhere, Shahrukh Khan, hands over a cream to the hapless chap, along with some mild admonishment. Within a few weeks, the young man has turned much lighter-skinned and confident. As he strides down the road, the girls start flocking to him and chanting: Hi handsome, hi handsome. Khan comes back into view with the product, Fair and Handsome. The Ad is very misleading as it reinforces the idea that you’ve got to be fair if you want anything in life. Through the commercial, the brand gives an impression that the users are having a lack of confidence and feels insecure and have less self esteem. Again the brand assumes that Fairness gets women attracted towards men. Most critics say that the message is lousy; but the commercial has certainly been effective in boosting sales. In most shopping malls across the country,men are no longer shy of picking up a fairness cream along with their groceries. Emami has instantly become a market leader in this category. C) BRAND AMBASSADOR One of the biggest heart throbs of Indian cinema, Shahrukh Khan was made the brand ambassador of Emami Fair and Handsome. In spite of Shahrukh being hesitant in endorsing a fairness cream, his contract with Emami required him to do so. Although this step was condemned as â€Å"immoral† by many critics,Emami has banked on his huge celebrity status to raise the profile of their product. The truth is that the cult of media personalities especially cricket or Bollywood stars is a massive phenomena in India and so brands are much more partial to celebrity endorsements. Shahrukh Khan is the face of today’s youth; a symbol of the emerging metrosexual man; an icon associated with style, panache, power and success. By choosing Shahrukh Khan to endorse Fair and Handsome,Emami has attempted to connect good looks with achievement. Just as Shahrukh is a role model to actors in later generations,Fair and Handsome boasts of being the first ever fairness cream for men – hence setting an example for other skin-care brands. Shahrukh is also has a world-wide fan following,which makes it easier for Emami to promote Fair and Handsome in foreign markets. D)OTHER PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES Emami has made great attempts to establish a strong brand image for Fair and Handsome in the mind of the male consumer. Fair and Handsome has had the first mover advantage and is already recognized solely as a â€Å"male cosmetic product†. As a part of further promoting its identity as an exclusively male brand,it has a special webpage designed for men called www. fairandhandsome. et where they provide information on the benefits and use of the cream,as well as skincare tips for men. Emami also had an all-India â€Å"Mr. Fair and Handsome Contest† for men on 30th October 2007 in Mumbai. CONCLUSION Although Fair and Handsome has been criticized for its â€Å"fair skin gets you more† image, the brand has to be appreciated for creating a category. It is true that men use creams meant for women. Hence there is logic in creating a brand for men in this category. Clearly, the largest section of the market lies in South India due to greater incidence of dark skin. The largest segment of the market lies in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. This may be a move by Emami to capitalize on the existing demand for men’s cosmetics and it is entirely justified. The Ads however could have been more subtle. Some Ads for women’s fairness creams have already been taken off air for sending the wrong messages. Despite all this, Fair and Handsome has gained the first mover advantage and has been established as a men’s cosmetic brand, mainly because of its uniqueness. Other FMCG giant have also followed suit: For example, HUL has extended Fair and Lovely into mens category with a variant Menz Active. International brands such as Nivea and Loreal also have moved into this segment. However the initial hype surrounding Fair and Handsome has died down considerably. This suggests that people bought the product mainly out of curiosity and not for its brand value. (Big Bazaar in Mumbai sold over 170 pieces of Fair and Handsome in the first week). Thus Fair and Handsome should introduce variants and extend their brand into other categories such as shampoos, shaving gels and deodorants.

Investigation of Resistance in a Nichrome 32 Wire Essay Example

Investigation of Resistance in a Nichrome 32 Wire Essay In this project I will be investigating how the length of Nichrome wire will affect the resistance. All length, cross section area, temperature and type of material are the factors that affect resistance. I will be keeping these variables constant besides length. To carry out this experiment I will set up a simple circuit and carry out a series of trials measuring voltage and current using different lengths of wire.Prediction:I predict that when the length of the Nichrome 32 wire is increased the resistance will also increase equally. The resistance increases as the length increases because the electrons that are passing through the wire collide with the metal atoms of the wire. The more you increase the length of the wire, the more collisions there will be between the metal atoms and electrons. The collisions that occur produce heat energy which is caused by friction. I predict that if you double the length of the wire the resistance will also double.Fair Test:To make this a fair te st I will keep certain variables the same, only changing the length of wire. The variables I will keep the same consist of the power supply so I dont send more power to the electrons to go around, and temperature so that it doesnt affect the resistance of the wire because increase of the temperature increases the resistance of the wire. I also want to keep the cross section area of the wire the same because as I increase the cross sectional area resistance will decrease. These should stay the same to make sure that the experiment goes accordingly and resumes being a fair test. In this case I can carry out my experiment without having to worry about anything going wrong and it also allows my results to be more accurate.Equipment:* Ammeter* Voltmeter* Low Voltage Power Supply* Variable Resistor* Connecting Wires Crocodile Clips* Wires Of Nichrome 32 (all the same diameter)Method:1. Set up a circuit as shown in the diagram above.2. Measure a 100cm length of Nichrome 32 wire and connec t it to the circuit.3. Set power supply to 6 volts DC and turn on.4. Record the current and voltage and quickly turn off the power supply.5. Between each reading, allow the wire to cool and change the variable resistor.6. Repeat steps 3 5 two more times.7. Change length of wire to 90cm, and repeat steps 3 6. Repeat the process for all the lengths as shown in the table.Health Safety:Evaluation:Test Results (Preliminary Work):Length (cm)VoltageCurrentResistance (ohms)100.640.341.88201.110.313.58301.320.304.40401.690.266.54502.140.258.56602.470.2310.8702.630.2211.43803.060.2015.25903.100.1916.321003.150.2016.5789Test Results (1):Length (cm)VoltageCurrentResistance (ohms)102.092.600.80202.812.211.27303.121.591.96403.881.103.52504.050.974.17604.440.894.98704.690.746.33805.070.687.45905.200.618.521005.300.569.46Test Results (2):Length (cm)VoltageCurrentResistance (ohms)101.111.340.83201.531.291.18301.960.942.08402.360.743.18502.980.724.13603.540.854.16703.440.546.37803.910.537.37904.17 0.498.511003.990.439.50Test Results (3):Length (cm)VoltageCurrentResistance (ohms)100.941.020.92201.080.901.20301.540.742.08401.980.653.04502.500.604.16602.960.585.10702.900.466.30803.190.447.25903.610.458.021003.520.379.51Average Resistance:Length (cm)Average Resistance (ohms)100.80 + 0.83 + 0.92 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 = 1.93201.27 + 1.18 + 1.20 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 = 2.85301.96 + 2.08 + 2.08 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 = 4.73403.52 + 3.18 + 3.04 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 = 7.71504.17 + 4.13 + 4.16 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 = 9.68604.98 + 4.16 + 5.10 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 = 10.84706.33 + 6.37 + 6.30 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 = 14.80807.45 + 7.37 + 7.25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 = 17.23908.52 + 8.51 + 8.02 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 = 19.701009.46 + 9.50 + 9.51 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 3 = 22.13

Arrowheads and Other Prehistoric Hunter Tools

Arrowheads and Other Prehistoric Hunter Tools Arrowheads are the most easily identified type of archaeological artifact. Most people in the world recognize an arrowhead when they see one: It is a stone object which has been deliberately reshaped to be pointy on one end. Whether theyve personally collected them from nearby farmlands, seen them in museum displays, or just watched them being shot into people in old western movies, most people know the triangular tips of arrow shafts called arrowheads are the remnants of a prehistoric hunting trip, the spent shotgun shells of the past. But why do archaeologists insist on calling them projectile points?   Arrowheads versus Projectile Points Archaeologists typically call what regular people call arrowheads projectile points, not because it sounds more academic, but because the shape of a pointy stone does not necessarily categorize it as something that was used at the end of an arrow shaft. Projectile is more inclusive than arrow. Also, in our long human history, we have used a wide variety of materials to put sharp points on the ends of projectiles, including stone, wood, bone, antler, copper, plant parts, and other raw material types : Sometimes we just sharpened the end of a stick. The purposes of projectile points have always been both hunting and warfare, but the technology has varied a great deal over the ages. The technology that made the first stone points possible was invented by our distant ancestor Homo erectus in Africa during the later Acheulean period, circa 400,000–200,000 years ago. This technology involved knocking bits of stone off a hunk of rock to create a sharp point. Archaeologists call this early version of stone-making the Levallois technique or Levalloisian flaking industry. Middle Stone Age Innovations: Spear Points During the Mousterian period of the Middle Paleolithic beginning around 166,000 years ago, Levalloisian flake tools were refined by our Neanderthal cousins and became quite numerous. It is during this period that stone tools were probably first attached to spears. Spear points, then, are projectile points that were attached to the end of a long shaft  and used to help hunt big mammals for food, either by hurling the spear at the animal  or by thrusting it into the animal at close range. Solutrean Hunter-Gatherers: Dart Points A great leap in hunting technology was made by Homo sapiens and occurred during the Solutrean part of the Upper Paleolithic period, about 21,000 to 17,000 years ago. Known for great artistry in stone point production (including the delicate but effective willow leaf point), the Solutrean people are also probably responsible for the introduction of the atlatl or throwing stick. The atlatl is a sophisticated combination tool, formed out of a short dart shaft with a point socketed into a longer shaft. A leather strap hooked at the far end allowed the hunter to fling the atlatl over her shoulder, the pointed dart flying off in a deadly and accurate manner, from a safe distance. The sharp end of an atlatl is called a dart point. By the way, the word atlatl (pronounced either at-ul at-ul or aht-lah-tul) is the Aztec word for the throwing stick; when Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes landed on the eastern shore of Mexico in the 16th century CE he was greeted by atlatl-wielding individuals. True Arrowheads: The Invention of the Bow and Arrow The bow and arrow, a rather more familiar technological innovation to fans of John Wayne movies, also dates at least to the Upper Paleolithic, but it likely predates atlatls. The earliest evidence is 65,000 years old. Archaeologists usually call these arrow points, when they recognize them. All three types of hunting, the spear, the atlatl, and the bow and arrow, are used today by sportsmen around the world, practicing what our ancestors used on a daily basis. Sources Angelbeck, Bill, and Ian Cameron. The Faustian Bargain of Technological Change: Evaluating the Socioeconomic Effects of the Bow and Arrow Transition in the Coast Salish Past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36 (2014): 93–109. Print.Erlandson, Jon, Jack Watts, and Nicholas Jew. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 162–69. Print.Grund, Brigid Sky. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities. American Anthropologist 119.1 (2017): 104–19. Print.Maschner, Herbert, and Owen K. Mason. The Bow and Arrow in Northern North America. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22.3 (2013): 133–38. Print.Vanpool, Todd L., and Michael J. OBrien. Sociopolitical Complexity and the Bow and Arrow in the American Southwest. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Revi ews 22.3 (2013): 111–17. Print. Whittaker, John C. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Eds. Iovita, Radu and Katsuhiro Sano. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. 65–74. Print.

An Introduction to the Chicago Manual of Style

An Introduction to the Chicago Manual of Style If you dont work in a field like professional academia, publishing, or research, style guides can read a little obsessive. Groups like the Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA) and University of Chicago publish thousands of rules on formatting, grammar, usage, and source acknowledgement for academic writing and publishing, and they get nitty-gritty. In a Chicago-style citation note, for instance, If a symbol rather than a number is used †¦ the symbol appears as a superscript in the text but not in the note, where it is not followed by a period but may be followed by a space, as long as this is done consistently (The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed., 14.24).But in certain fields, minutiae help. CollegeScholarships.org reports that in academic writing, how you present your information †¦ is often seen as [being as] important as the ideas you are putting forth. The genre has rigid attribution requirements and relies heavily on precision, clarity and consistency. A uniform style minimizes technical distractions, keeping the focus on the content.Broadly speaking, its not that uniform, because different academic genres use different style manuals. Generally, in the United States, APA reigns in the social sciences, MLA in undergraduate English and the arts, and CMS in literature and history.The Chicago Manual of Style began in 1891 as a one-page style sheet for typesetters at the University of Chicago Press. It has since grown to 1,000 pages. Here, some of the more commonly encountered and misunderstood rules in the book. (Note that our source for this review is the Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed.)CommasSerial commasEffective use of the comma involves good judgment, with the goal being ease of reading, according to the Chicago Manual of Style. To that end, Chicago style says Heck, yes! to the oft-debated serial (a.k.a. Oxford) comma, arguing it prevents confusion.DO use serial commas. The serial comma precedes the las t item in a list of three or more. The exception to the serial-comma rule is when the final and is replaced by an ampersand ().Her dad spreads butter, jelly, bananas, and honey on the bread.The day she overslept, spilled her coffee, and lost her keys, she was late for work.If I dont see any oranges, tangerines, or lemons, Ill go to the other store.Bed, Bath BeyondDO put a comma after a year or state. If you can remove it from the sentence without changing the meaning, it gets a second comma. Correct: On May 31, 2011, she graduated from a Santa Fe, New Mexico, college.DO put a comma after etc. or et al. (Dont italicize them, either.) Correct: Ill bring the forks, napkins, plates, etc., if you bring the food.DO NOT put a comma between two predicates. Correct: She ran to the store and picked up a carton of milk.ApostrophesApostrophes get confusing in their possessive roles when paired with a noun ending in s. In CMS style:The possessive form of singular noun gets an s, even if it ends in s. Correct: The passs elevationThe possessive form of a plural noun ending in s gets only an apostrophe. Correct: After the dogs naps, they played in the yard.Plural numbers and letters: Years and capital letters take only an s, while lowercase letters take an s Correct: By the early 1970s, bellbottoms were popular. Correct: She learned the ABCs at school. Correct: They were told to mind their ps and qs.QuotesIf youre putting the period to the right of the closing quotation marks, youre doing it wrong.Punctuating quotesCommas and periods go before the closing quotation marks. Correct: It was he, she said, pointing at the defendant. Correct: The opening line reads, Call me Ishmael.Colons and semicolons go after the closing quotation marks. Correct: He was upset when she said, I think we should stay home; he thought they should go out as planned.Question and exclamation marks go outside closing quotation marks unless theyre in the quote. Correct: Didnt you hear her say Lets go? Co rrect: She yelled, Oh no!Idioms and expressionsDO NOT put quotes around familiar expressions. Correct: It was time to learn about the birds and the bees. Correct: The robbery was just the tip of the iceberg.TitlesTitles of peopleCivil, military and professional titles are treated differently depending on their position relative to the persons name. Among Chicago styles rules:DO capitalize a title when it immediately precedes a personal name. Correct: I watched as Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts took the floor.†¦UNLESS its acting as a descriptive phrase: Correct: I watched as Massachusetts senator Ted Kennedy took the floor.DO NOT capitalize a title when it follows a name. Correct: I watched as Ted Kennedy, senator from Massachusetts, took the floor.Titles of worksTitles of published works vary by type and length.Use italics for books and periodicals. Correct: She read The New York Times.Use quotation marks for book chapters, articles, other short works. Correct: In America n Home Cooking: A Popular History, Miller explores why Americans still cook.Capitalize titles in headline style. Headline styles instructions, which the Chicago Manual acknowledges are occasionally arbitrary, include:DO NOT capitalize articles (a, an, the)DO NOT capitalize common coordinating conjunctions (and, but, for, nor, or)DO capitalize the first and last word, regardless of part of speech. Correct: Long Walk to Freedom, by Nelson Mandela Correct: In Newsweeks How to Sleep: Ability to Dream May Be in the Genes, Aristos Georgiou argues for a genetic link.NumbersTreatment of numbers in text varies between style guides. CMS prefers:Spell out numbers one through one hundred. Correct: She ordered one hundred balloons and 101 party hats.Spell out numbers ending with hundred, thousand, etc. Correct: There were seven thousand seats for 6,999 students.DO NOT superscript ordinal numbers. Correct: Anne celebrated her 500th day at work. Incorrect: Anne celebrated her 500th day at work.For mattingInstructors and publications often have their own sets of formatting guidelines, so be sure to check those. If theyre following CMS:DO NOT put a period at the end of a caption consisting of one incomplete sentence. †¦ Unless most other captions in the manuscript are complete sentences, in which case you can punctuate the incomplete sentence for consistency.DO put a period at the end of an incomplete sentence if its followed by at least one complete sentence (which also gets a period).DO NOT use a double space after periods.DO NOT justify text. All text should be aligned flush left (ragged right).Citation system: Notes and bibliographyThe citation section is perhaps the most important part of a style guide. In academic research, authors are expected to follow citation rules to a tee. CMS has two different systems: name-date and notes-bibliography. Its best to check whether your instructor or publication has a preference.In the notes and bibliography system, you cite sourc es in footnotes or endnotes, which are denoted by superscripted numbers in the text, and also list them in a separate bibliography section. Entries in the bibliography are alphabetized, regardless of the order in which they first appear in the text. The following examples show proper formatting for typical book, journal and website entries. (Note: punctuation and spacing count.)BookNote1. Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom (New York: Back Bay Books, 1995), 21.Subsequent note for same book13. Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom, 98-100.Bibliography (alphabetical)Mandela, Nelson. Long Walk to Freedom. New York: Back Bay Books, 1995.Journal articleNote (specific page number)3. Tim Miller, American Home Cooking: A Popular History, Journal of American History 105, no. 1, (June 2018): 143.Subsequent note for same article4. Miller, American Home Cooking: A Popular History, 144.Bibliography (articles complete page range)Miller, Tim. American Home Cooking: A Popular History, Journal of American History 105, no. 1, (June 2018): 143–4.Online journal articleInclude a URL or database name for online journal articles in all entries except subsequent entries for the same source.Note3. Tim Miller, American Home Cooking: A Popular History, Journal of American History 105, no. 1 (June 2018): 143, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jay032.Subsequent note for same articleMiller, American Home Cooking: A Popular History, 144.BibliographyMiller, Tim. American Home Cooking: A Popular History, Journal of American History 105, no. 1 (June 2018): 143-4, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jay032.Website contentIn addition to the standard information, include the date of publication or revision; if neither of those is listed, include the date you accessed it online.Note8. Citation Quick Guide, Chicago Manual of Style Online, accessed March 26, 2018, https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html.Subsequent note for same content9. Citation Quick Guide.BibliographyChicago Manual of Style Online. Citation Quick Guide. Accessed March 26, 2018. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html.Citation System: Author-DateThe author-date system has only two components. There are no superscripted numbers in the text, footnotes or endnotes. Rather, full citations are collected in an alphabetized reference list, and in-text citations include the sources author, date and page range in parentheses.BookReference listMandela, Nelson. 1995. Long Walk to Freedom. New York: Back Bay Books.In-text citationMandela 1995, 98-100.Journal articleAs in the notes-bibliography system, in-text citations contain specific page numbers, while references show the whole page range for the article.Reference listMiller, Tim. 2018. American Home Cooking: A Popular History. Journal of American History 105, no. 1 (June): 143-4.In-text citation(Miller 2018, 143.)Online journal articleIf you accessed the article online, tack on a URL or database name. Reference list Miller, Tim. 2 018. American Home Cooking: A Popular History.Journal of American History 105, no. 1 (June): 143-4. https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jay032. In-text citation (Miller 2018, 143.)Website contentAs in the notes-and-bibliography system, the addition here is the date of publication, revision, or access.Reference listChicago Manual of Style Online. n.d. Citation Quick Guide. Accessed March 26, 2018. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html.In-text citationCitation rules, as with most other rules in style guides, get far more in-depth than this and may come with multiple exceptions; when in doubt, check the unabridged manual. Its tough to follow every rule in the Chicago Manual, but no ones rejecting manuscripts on the grounds of inconsistent caption punctuation. If you have limited time, focus on citing your sources by the book.

Health Care Public Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Health Care Public Policy - Essay Example In the United States (US), the concept of public policy encompasses the process of decision making and analysis of governmental decision. Health care on the other hand refers to the constant monitory, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, illness or other physical body problems and the preservation of the physical wellbeing of human beings (Proctor & Smith 89). Health care public policy therefore basically refers to a settled opinion by members of the public concerning the manner in which issues of public health are handled across a country or state. Introduction States, countries and jurisdictions have different policies regarding to public health. Actually the configuration of the health care machinery varies from country to country, state to state but according to the World Health Organization (WHO), a well functional health care system should rest on adequate financing mechanisms, adequately trained and paid staff, decision making and policy formulation based on reliable informati on, well maintained facilities and advanced technologies in delivering health care. According to Charles Frame, an expert in market research and customer satisfaction at the Emory School of Medicine, it makes sense to have very basic level of healthcare for everybody. Members of the public are very influential in the process of policy formulation and therefore it is important for them to hold thorough knowledge of what policies, precisely health care policy entails and their rights and responsibilities in its formulation. State of health care system in the United States United States is one of the wealthiest countries in the history of the world yet its health care system can be described as unsatisfactory. To start with, the spending in the health care sector is rather high representing around 17% of the country’s GDP. Despite the high spending, the outcomes of the health care sector are not any better as compared to other countries that spend lower per capita such as Switze rland and Netherland. The cost of health care has actually risen over the recent years as observed by Allan Hubbard, Chairman, E & A Industries. He noted that the cost of a family insurance 19 years ago was $3000 but has currently risen to $12000 (as at 2008). The major problem according to Professor Herzlinger (20) is not to achieve a universal coverage but rather to get the value for money spent on health care. She therefore suggested three common theories that can improve the quality of services. These are; Managed competition. She suggested that the insurance system should be made private and consumers given the right to shop for their insurance. This would create a competitive environment among the insurers and consequently, quality would be achieved. Single payer. In this theory, she suggested that the government, as the single payer would control all resources, would have massive scale and could squeeze inefficiency and waste out of the system. Finally, she suggested the theo ry of Consumer-driven health care. This is an approach where the consumers are given their money and the opportunity to seek insurance and health care services by themselves. Although effective policies may be formulated and implemented, one of the most effective approach in addressing the issue of health care is through prevention not cure. It has been noted that majority of the health problems among the citizens of United States are life style